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Oprašivanje maslina

04. 05. 2013.

Petar Mišić u svojoj knjizi "Opšte oplemenjivanje vočaka" navodi:"Pri stranom (unakrsnom) oprašivanju (alopolinaciji= interpolinaciji) polen(pelud) se prenosi na žig tučka druge sorte. U biljnom svijetu a posebno kod vočaka postoje različiti mehanizmi koji spriječavaju samooprašivanje, a podstiču stranooprašivanje. Blagodareći stranom oprašivanju i stranom oplođenju (alogamija=ksenogamija) povećava se VARIJABILNOST (polimorfizam) u biljnom svijetu. To je neobično značajno za stvaranje boljih sorti i podloga vočaka hibridizacijom".

Pod pojmom promjenjivost (varijabilnost) podrazumijeva se proces nastajanja razlika među jedinkama iste biološke vrste. Varijabilnost može biti nenasljedna (modificirana ili ekološka varijabilnost) i nasljedna (genetička varijabilnost). Glavni izvori genetičke varijabilnosti su rekombinacije gena i mutacije u početnoj izvornoj populaciji. Pri rekombinaciji gena (posebno crossing overom- unakrsnim odvajanjem), javljaju se nove kombinacije postojećih gena, dok kod mutacije gena nastupaju promjene nasljednog materijala organizma.  

Plod masline razvija se na vegetativnom porastu od prethodne sezone. Nakon velikog uroda mogućnost razvoja cvatova na kratkoj, nedovoljno narasloj prošlogodišnjoj mladici obično je mala. Uz to, vitalnost cvjetova u cvatu također se razlikuje ovisno o rodnosti stabla u prethodnim godinama. Postotak zametanja ploda izražen na osnovi broja cvjetova ili cvatova znatno je manji nakon rodne godine negoli nakon nerodne godine. Tu leži i odgovor fenomenima oprašivanja sorti i udaljenosti jednih i drugih. Odgovor je naprosto da su ispunjeni bolji uvjeti za oprašivanje ukoliko je  rod  prethodne  godine bio slab. Količina zimske hladnoće potrebna za stvaranje cvatnih pupova linearno korelira s opterećenjem stabla plodom u prethodnoj godini. Stabla s prethodno visokim urodom zahtijevaju više hladnoće kako bi diferencirala istu količinu cvatnih pupova u odnosu na stabla s prethodno manje ploda. Cvjetovi koji se razviju pod takvim uvjetima, u većini su slučajeva niske vitalnosti i ne zameću plod. Veličina cvata  te  njegova  funkcionalnost  i  vitalnost  ovise  o  rađanju  prethodnih   godina, o  njegovom položaju  na  izbojku i o okolišnim  uvjetima.  Cvatovi  na  najbližem  i  najdaljem kraju  izbojka obično su  manji  negoli  oni  u  sredini.  Cvjetovi  masline  u  pravilu  imaju   razvijene  muške  i  ženske  dijelove cvijeta  pa  kažemo  da   su  dvospolni, hermafroditni  ili potpuni.  Maslina  može  imati  i  nepotpune  cvjetove koji obično  imaju  nerazvijeni  tučak, pa  kažemo  da  su  morfološki   sterilni  ili  funkcionalno  muški.  Ta  karakteristika  je  često izražena  kod sorte oblice. Nepotpuni   cvjetovi  otpadnu  ranije  negoli  neoplođeni  potpuni  cvjetovi.
Koliko  će  se   plodova   zametnuti  po cvatu  ovisi  u  prvom  redu  o  sorti, ali i o  vremenskim i  drugim  uvjetima.

Pravi uspjeh i cilj svakog maslinara trebao bi biti uspostavljanje vrlo osjetljive ravnoteže između rodnosti i porasta. Uspostavom vegetativne i generativne ravnoteže potvrđuje se vrijednost i sposobnost svakog maslinara kao i svih agrotehničkih mjera koje poduzima tijekom  vegetacijske godine. Kad stanemo pred maslinu nakon dnevnog rada, moramo biti svjesni da je pred nama u genetičkom, a time i u fiziološkom smislu živo biće od nekoliko tisuća godina, a ne od vremena sadnje. Kad ta spoznaja istinski suživi u svakom maslinaru, maslinar se počinje prilagođavati maslini ne tražeći da se ona prilagodi njemu i njegovim željama.


Ivica Vlatković

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Hi Laura!My name is Dena, and I am the moderator of the Hoboken Special Needs Parent Group. I have twin boys who are deainosgd with PDD-NOS (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and ADHD. I was hoping that you could answer a few questions for me regarding DaVinci Charter School and special needs children. My boys go to Wallace and I love the school, staff, and programs available to them. They are doing wonderful and progressing at a rate I never thought possible! However, I am sure many parents of special needs children in Hoboken are wondering if DaVinci Charter School would be appropriate for their child, especially those who do not feel the same way I do about Wallace and Hoboken Public Schools in general. Would you please clarify some things for me, AND PLEASE UNDERSTAND I DO NOT KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT CHARTER SCHOOLS OR HOW THEY ARE RUN. I apologize for my lack of knowledge 1. Would DaVinci Charter School be required to follow a child's IEP as written by The Child Study Team and required by law? The IEP is a legal document and must be followed by the school. Does the same apply to charter schools or are the laws different with this type of school?2. If a child has a personal aide (as each of my children do), as per an IEP, will a charter school be required to provide AND TRAIN one as well? 3. If a child is receiving speech therapy, occupational therapy and/or physical therapy as per an IEP, will a charter school be required to provide those additional services as well? If so, will the therapists from the Hoboken Public Schools be required to provide services AT DaVinci, and how will that be coordinated? Or will DaVinci hire their own therapists to work with the child?4. Will a special needs child have a child study team in place at DaVinci? 5. Will there be any additional supports or accomodations in place for special needs children at DaVinci?It was nice to read that DaVinci has staff in place that are experienced with special needs children, but in reality, there is an overwhelming number of factors that would make a special needs child successful in school. These components must compliment each other, and just because one type of great support is in place doesn't mean the entire program is right for a child. This being said, we are all aware that DaVinci may not be appropriate for ALL special neeeds children, depending on the disability and abilities of a particular child. However, if you say that ALL children can attend DaVinci, you must be prepared to have a special needs child enrolled that may require more support than what DaVinci can offer. It would be nice to give parents some clarification before they make a decision about placement in a charter school. Thank you in advance for taking the time to answer this. I really do appreciate your help! Dena http://ykvutxpnfep.com [url=http://jsmnehrmxi.com]jsmnehrmxi[/url] [link=http://dlzxxbbw.com]dlzxxbbw[/link]

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As a founding <a href="http://wglfdu.com">meebmr</a> of the DaVinci School, a parent, and a longtime urban, special educator in a charter school, I can address many of the concerns and questions raised here. First and foremost, the creation of this school (and any schools in any district) is meant for the students and what is best for them. We feel that giving parents a choice is best for all the kids in Hoboken. No one is suggesting that the current programs in Hoboken's public schools are less valuable because we are pushing for the creation of DaVinci. We are simply saying that more options give more students the opportunities for educational success.Charter school funding is largely misunderstood. We get funding on a per student basis; as do public schools. We actually get roughly half of the per pupil funds from federal, state, and local sources that the public schools receive. We reconciled that long ago, and have to be creative in the ways that we stretch our operating budgets. It is erroneous to suggest charter schools take funds from public schools; that is just simply not the truth.However, the educational autonomy that a charter school has allows it to try progressive and innovative things, and the idea is to share what works with any school that is open to new ideas. Charter schools were not designed to work in isolation; rather they were created with the idea that if certain practices worked in a small setting, they could (and would) work in larger schools as well. What has happened instead is that charter schools are often unfairly demonized by districts as attracting high achieving kids, being elitist, or underserving kids with special needs. None of this rings true, and I speak from 12 years in the charter school trenches. More school options in an urban envirmonment is a win-win for all kids. That is the bottom line.To address Dena's concerns as a parent with children with special needs: I know the program where your children go, and it is indeed extremely well regarded in the professional circle of special ed teachers and parents in the area. But as Laura mentions, our school is a PUBLIC school, and is required by all laws protecting your kids to provide every service, modification, and accomodation written in every IEP that crosses our enrollment desk. Services required may change and grow as the school does, and we will work our budget to accomodate those students. We will have our own team (part time at first) to evaluate and classify students. Some of that team (including speech, occupational, and physical therapies) may be shared with other schools to streamline resources, but that is common practice, even in public schools. That being said, a fully inclusive school may not always be best for every student with special needs, and the school I work in currenly has not been able to meet the needs of every student (general ed kids, too). No school anywhere can 100% meet the needs of every child, so when we discuss best setting, or in the case of students with special needs, the least restrictive envirmonment, no one school can provide that to every student. It is unrealistic for anyone on either side of this debate to suggest that as the case. And this is where the CHOICE comes in. Parents need to find what is best for their particular child. Period. However, we contend that DaVinci will be the best setting for a wide cross section of kids in Hoboken, and we look forward to serving them.

uFJwdEFQoxHQ by Adriano

There seems to be a lot of confusion rerdgaing charter costs and the educational and segregational issues that affect district schools. 1- Financially-Charter Funding is not a pass through from the state that follows the child. Charter funding must be taken from the district budget. Take for example, the Davinci proposed budget- it lists revenue from local sources in the amount of 1.4million dollars, state sources 85k and categorical special education (federal) 100k. 1.4million comes from the local taxes. That means there are 3 choices- 1- raise taxes in that amount , 2- make cuts to cover that amount or a combination of both. The problem: there is a 2% cap on spending. This additional cost would excede the cap- which means services from the district must be cut, in addition to a raise in levy. Previous cuts in the district brought the tax levy to the lowest allowable amount for the past two years. Due to a change in funding formula, this year the district is currently only 165k above the lowest allowable local taxes (levy) as such, it can't cut 1.4= it can only cut 165k from local taxes. So an increase in levy of 1.235mm is the bare minimum the levy will have to be raised, but again, the cap is at 2%..2- Educational/segregational issues. k-5 Grade Charter Schools in Hoboken have far fewer special needs and at risk students in their districts than the district school and do not reflect the demographic population of the district school. Costs related to this are also of issue. Special needs and at risk sudents are entitled to adddional funding. This additional entitlement funding is what created higher budgets. With entitlement funding comes a bare minimum local cost to the local levy AKA: lowest allowable levy. So how can a distirct who is spending the lowest legal amount have high per pupil costs? When a district has higher ratio of special needs and at-risk students it gets more entitlement money which has a miminum local match levy. More entilement money=higher cost per pupil. The more studnets who are not SN or HR, the lower the enttilements the lower the budget.3- Currently there is approximately 600 students who attend charter schools out of roughly 2200. That is a ratio of about 35%. Recently, a new bill was passed by the assembly- part of that bill noted that charter should not have more than 25% of the total Public school population. This district has already surpassed the 25% and Hola has not completed in full enrollment. The addition of another charter would certainly palce the district in the 50% category.4- Special need students. The charter schoool will have to hire duplicate postions that the district already offers and could be easily covered with no increase to the tax payer. Extraordinary costs for Special needs students are listed on the district budget-but the charter keeps the child on their roll. 4- Duplication of services. DaVinci's Charter application indicates a duplication of roughly 1million dollars in duplicate services- heat/ telephone, BA. copy machine rental, administrators, nurses, teachers, desks, etc .These are built in costs that the district already has and can easily accomodate new students. So, it is just for the purpose of?????? 5-The current district schools already offer Foss Science, have balanced literacy , lap top program, muliptle computers in each class,smart boards, multiple normative assemsent tools etc .It is essentially a nearly similar curriculum, so why should the taxpayers pay more than $1 million to duplicate services of admins, cleaning staff, insurance costs,clerks, admin assistants, copiers, books, teachers, social workers, psychologists, nurses,,energy costs, etc ? 6- Keeping families in Hoboken- providing 130 seats per grade in all charter schools will not keep families in Hoboken-using your theory, it might keep 130 kids in that grade in Hoboken- what about the 500 who didnt win the lottery? Also, You noted 39% said they would move because of the schools, the reverse of that statement is that the overwhelming majority (61%) of people move for other reasons- backyards, garages, large homes with lots of storage, land,open space, no parking issues..are just a few that come to mind. Removing desperately needed funds from a district for duplicaton of services and further seperating the community into 2 seperate public schools where half go to a k-5 high risk school and the other half go to a k-5 affluent school becasue 39% of the people you polled said they were leaving because of the schools. 6-Costs for Hoboken's Charters are not lower than it's counterparts. Charter school costs in Hoboken were listed (in 2010) at approximately 15k per pupil and 17.8 per pupil. This far exceeds the State avg costs for non abbot (districts with low percentages of high risk students) k-12 districts. Many, if not most, of which are around 13k. Further, Consider that it costs less to educate students in grades k-5 than middle and high schoolers. That any charter who does not have a high school, has a higher per pupil cost than a ,similar demographic , k-12 district is indicative of the issues of small schools. They have a high overhead for the amount of students. This is equally a problem with small districts. Some might feel that the multiple duplication of services, is unnecessarily costing taxpayers millions of dollars, and is money that could have been used to enhance programming, lower the ratio of at risk populations, lower the per pupil costs, turn this district into a blue ribbon school and bring together one district that reflects the one square mile that is Hoboken.